Java缓冲池

偶然在用==和equals的时候,涉及到了缓冲池这个概念,大概意思和Python里数据缓存一样的道理

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer a1 = new Integer(1);
        Integer a2 = new Integer(1);
        System.out.println(a1 == a2);
        System.out.println(a1.equals(a2));
    }
}

首先来个简单的,==比较引用变量,为false;equals比较两个对象的值,都是1,为true

加一段就更能说明==的作用

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer a1 = new Integer(1);
        Integer a2 = new Integer(1);
        System.out.println(a1 == a2);
        System.out.println(a1.equals(a2));

        Integer a3 = new Integer(2);
        Integer a4 = a3;
        System.out.println(a3 == a4);
        System.out.println(a3.equals(a4));
    }
}

这里a4=a3赋值传递了引用,a3 == a4为true

下面继续加一段,才是要思考的

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer a1 = new Integer(1);
        Integer a2 = new Integer(1);
        System.out.println(a1 == a2);
        System.out.println(a1.equals(a2));

        Integer a3 = new Integer(2);
        Integer a4 = a3;
        System.out.println(a3 == a4);
        System.out.println(a3.equals(a4));

        Integer a5 = 3;
        Integer a6 = 3;
        System.out.println(a5 == a6);
        System.out.println(a5.equals(a6));
    }
}

这里首先要清楚Integer是一个类,而不是byte,int这些基础类型,否则equals方法是无法调用的,编译肯定无法通过,在此基础上,理论上和第一段没有啥区别,==比较引用为false,equals为true,但实际的执行结果如下

false
true
true
true
true
true

这里疑点就在a5 == a6上,首先自己的理解没有出错,其次会不会也出现了缓存和复用,可以写一个简单的测试程序

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int min = 0;
        while (true) {
            Integer a1 = min;
            Integer a2 = min;
            if (a1 != a2) {
                ++min;
                System.out.print("[" + min + ", ");
                break;
            }
            --min;
        }

        int max = 0;
        while (true) {
            Integer a3 = max;
            Integer a4 = max;
            if (a3 != a4) {
                --max;
                System.out.println(max + "]");
                break;
            }
            ++max;
        }
    }
}

执行的结果是

[-128, 127]

从测试结果可以知道,Integer类型对于在这个区间里的整型数据是从缓冲池里面取的

详细来说就是:

假如没有通过new来创建新的Integer对象,指定对象的值在上面这个区间范围内,如果缓冲池里不存在该值的Integer对象,那么此时就会创建新的Integer对象,并存放在Integer缓冲池里

假如没有通过new来创建新的Integer对象,指定对象的值在上面这个区间范围内,如果缓冲池里已经存在该值的Integer对象,那么此时就不会创建新的Integer对象,而是直接从已有的Integer对象里取值,返回已存在的Integer对象的引用,因此上面值为3的对象已经存在于Integer缓冲池里,变量a5引用它,因为3在[-128,127]区间内,因此下面a6指向的值为3的对象并没有重新创建,而依旧是a5指向的对象,并且直接返回引用a5,也就是a6和a5其实是同一个引用,因此a5 == a6是true

其实这里可以看下源码,在Integer.java里的valueOf方法

     /**
     * Returns an {@code Integer} instance representing the specified
     * {@code int} value.  If a new {@code Integer} instance is not
     * required, this method should generally be used in preference to
     * the constructor {@link #Integer(int)}, as this method is likely
     * to yield significantly better space and time performance by
     * caching frequently requested values.
     *
     * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
     * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.
     *
     * @param  i an {@code int} value.
     * @return an {@code Integer} instance representing {@code i}.
     * @since  1.5
     */
    public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
        if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
            return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
        return new Integer(i);
    }

这里IntegerCache.low和IntegerCache.high的更新在下面一段,[-128,127]

    /**
     * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values between
     * -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS.
     *
     * The cache is initialized on first usage.  The size of the cache
     * may be controlled by the {@code -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=} option.
     * During VM initialization, java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property
     * may be set and saved in the private system properties in the
     * sun.misc.VM class.
     */

    private static class IntegerCache {
        static final int low = -128;
        static final int high;
        static final Integer cache[];

        static {
            // high value may be configured by property
            int h = 127;
            String integerCacheHighPropValue =
                sun.misc.VM.getSavedProperty("java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high");
            if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) {
                try {
                    int i = parseInt(integerCacheHighPropValue);
                    i = Math.max(i, 127);
                    // Maximum array size is Integer.MAX_VALUE
                    h = Math.min(i, Integer.MAX_VALUE - (-low) -1);
                } catch( NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // If the property cannot be parsed into an int, ignore it.
                }
            }
            high = h;

            cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1];
            int j = low;
            for(int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++)
                cache[k] = new Integer(j++);

            // range [-128, 127] must be interned (JLS7 5.1.7)
            assert IntegerCache.high >= 127;
        }

        private IntegerCache() {}
    }

直接看上面valueOf方法,传了一个整型参数,做了一下判断,如果在[-128,127]里,直接用基础数据,而如果不在这个范围以内,new了一个新的Integer对象,这就是上面为true的原因

其实除了Integer之外,String也有缓冲池,可以类似进行测试

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